Russia and Belarus have launched a large-scale joint military exercise, called Zapad-2017, which has made nearby Nato countries nervous.
It is one of Russia's biggest military exercises since its 2014 annexation of Ukraine's Crimea peninsula.
Russia's defence ministry says about 12,700 troops are participating, but Nato expects the numbers to be higher.
The war games are under way in and around Belarus, involving armoured units, warships and aircraft.
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko has warned that Zapad-2017 (Russian for "West") could be a prelude for an invasion of Ukraine. Kiev has stepped up security on Ukraine's borders.
Pro-Russian separatists control a swathe of eastern Ukraine and their continuing skirmishes with Ukrainian government troops have undermined a ceasefire signed in Minsk in February 2015.
Nato accuses Russia of supplying the rebels with heavy weapons and troop reinforcements. Russia denies that, but admits that some Russian "volunteers" are helping the rebels.
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| A Russian tank brigade from the Moscow region is joining the Zapad exercise |
Nato has deployed four battalion-size battle groups - 4,530 troops in total - to Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which border on Belarus and Russia.
The 29-nation Western alliance also has an air-policing mission over the Baltic republics.
The Belarus government has said the Russian forces engaged in Zapad will all have left Belarus by 30 September. The official end date for the exercise is 20 September.
Some Western analysts have suggested that Russia may keep some troops in Belarus, as some previous Russian exercises did not exactly match official
The scenario for the Zapad-2017 exercise is an armed uprising in Belarus by "saboteurs" and "terrorists" backed by a fictitious country called Veishnoria. Russian forces are deployed to Belarus to help crush the rebellion.
The main purpose is to integrate the two countries' military headquarters in a realistic combat scenario. Belarus is mobilising about 7,200 troops and Russia about 5,500, Russia's defence ministry says.
The Russian territory of Kaliningrad - sandwiched between Nato members Poland and Lithuania - is included in the exercise.
Belarus state TV says 80 observers from Western nations, including Poland and the Baltic republics, are accredited to watch the exercise. They include officials from Nato, the OSCE international security body and diplomats posted to Belarus.
Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko has close ties to Russia, though there have been periodic disputes over trade.
Poland's Defence Minister Antoni Macierewicz was among those who voiced alarm about Zapad-2017.
"The drill is a threat to us, no matter what Russia says," he told Polish TV. "It is far from being defensive, it is aggressive and this is dangerous."
An Estonian MP, Hannes Hanso, said he had spoken to "Belarusian colleagues" about the strategic importance of the "Suwalki Gap" - a border strip separating Kaliningrad from Belarus.
"For Russia it would be logical to try to cut us off, which they have already practised," he said. The Belarusian officials, he said, assured him that "their territory would not be used for this kind of thing".
Latvian President Raimonds Vejonis said "we should not succumb to intimidation", describing Zapad as an attempt to make the Baltic states feel insecure.
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